Castleton-on-Hudson is a village located in the Town of Schodack in Rensselaer County, New York, New York. The population was 1,619 at the 2000 census. The name is from a local Indian village, known as Castle Hill. Castleton-on-Hudson apartments for rent comparison page shows most up to date rent information on Castleton-on-Hudson apartments and houses. Rent information is obtained from multiple rental sources but we cannot guarantee their accuracy.